Military Discipline Essay - 1033 Words

Military Discipline Where to start, lets see discipline in the military from the beginning to now. Well from the start of the civil war the military was not as it is now. Then solders was a solder 24-7 back then, and the only time they had to them self was when the war was over. Now, we still solders 24-7 but we have more personel time to deal with familys and to start a family. But that is up to the solder, anyway over the years the military had to change to keep the morale up in the military. So the military came up with some rules to keep people in the military and add to the ranks. Discipline is key to a good unit or any thing dealing with the military. If you look in any book that the military put out, discipline is in†¦show more content†¦That was when the UCMJ came in to play, that was when discipline was key in and out of work. As the times changes so did the UCMJ as well, from the way we act to killing people and other things that i dont even like to take about. Discipline can hurt you or help you as far as moving up in the ranks. Back then, solders that did wrong things got killed on the spot or got the rope from a tree. Now a days, people go to jail or put to death depening on where you are in the world. If you show that you got the discipline to be a great leader, then great things will happen for those who show the that the military is a good thing to happen to a persons life. Because of discipline in the military i have seen people go from shit bag to a great NCO. Reason for that is once again of discipline can change a persons way of life. Back then it was the same. You show that you can lead then you move up the ranks. That havent change in over the years. Today the military got different people as far as color of skin or backgrounds. In the civil war, the south had white people in the ranks. But the north had blacks and whites fighting for the samething. As the times change so did the military when it came to race or color of skin. T he discipline in units when it came to that was hard but we as the United States over come that with discipline and UCMJ. The military came with EO reps inShow MoreRelatedEssay Military Discipline2926 Words   |  12 Pagesï » ¿Military Discipline 1. General. The word discipline comes from the Latin word disciplÄ «na which means to instruct. Discipline is a specific form of instruction which develops self-control, character, and efficiency. Military discipline is that mental attitude and state of training which renders obedience instinctive under all conditions. It is founded upon respect for, and loyalty to properly constituted authority. While it is developed primarily by military drill, every feature of military lifeRead MoreDefining Military Discipline and Values1563 Words   |  7 PagesMilitary Discipline is a state of order and obedience existing within a command. 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Business Plan E-Commerce Application “Learning Disability Service”) Free Essays

I. Summary of the Group’s Business Idea Our group’s business plan involves an e-commerce application that provides services to the people having learning disabilities. The business is named as LDS for learning disability service. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Plan: E-Commerce Application â€Å"Learning Disability Service†) or any similar topic only for you Order Now LDS will operate as a commercial entity with an underpinning social agenda. It will provide a platform where all the stakeholders related to social care including people with learning disabilities, their care providers, service providers and product stores, local authorities and relevant NGOs and the community at large will interact, socialize and undertake commercial activities. Strengths In our view, one of the greatest strength of this business idea is that is combines the advantages of socialization and e-commerce on a single platform. Online retail activity has been growing steadily over the years. According to Jeffrey Grau (2012), the retail e-commerce chief for E-Marketer, e-commerce sales will undergo a double digit growth through the year 2016 (see Fig. 1). This sales growth is partly affected by the rise in social networking trends. Online socialization trend has been at its peak due to the popularity of online social media platforms such as Twitter and Facebook. Marketing practitioners and commentators contend that socialization over the internet is going to have an increased impact over e-commerce activities in the year 2013. According to them, social media plays an influential role in generating awareness towards services and products and has a notable affect on direct sales. According to their estimates, sales through social media have grown 30% year-ove r-year (Dishman, 2012). Many commentators are of the view that the emergence of Smartphone and tablet technologies will further boost online socialization and shopping trend. Smart phones and tablets enable people to socialize and shop online anytime and from anywhere. With these technologies, consumers are able reach more and more people, research and discover products with much ease than before. Our proposed LDS application provides modules for registered users over its website to socialize, where they can share opinions and experiences regarding services and products related to learning disabilities. This information will help users to make more informed and accurate purchase decisions which will subsequently enhance commercial trade over LDS. This will ultimately attract more users, businesses and social bodies towards the website, making our business idea a success. Weaknesses Due to the tightening of social services budgets and an emphasis on smart spending, people with learning difficulties and their carers will be more careful regarding their social services spending. This will heighten the stake of users in spending their money wisely. Resultantly, their purchase decision will become more extensive ((Hawkins 1998) due to their increased level of involvement. This will require our website to build a significant rapport with the aforementioned stakeholders before they will entrust this service and consider it as a competent market place. Fig 1: Growing Trend of E-commerce II.Process of Idea Initiation The idea of this project originated when our group started to define the goal of our new business venture. In one of our groups’ foremost meetings, we decided to plan for a business that would not only be focused upon profit maximization, but also create immediate value for the society in general through a social, environmental, agenda. However, we were doubtful whether a business (which is primarily run for profit) can have a social agenda at its core. Therefore we decided to search some literature, and discovered the concept of ‘social entrepreneurship’ (Dees, 1998; Dees et al. 2001). Over the years, the phrase social entrepreneurship has earned a great deal of attention from the business and marketing practitioners and professionals and scholars. The phrase â€Å"social entrepreneurship† can be regarded as the one that is best suited to the present times as it serves as a combination of social mission and the discipline of business-innovation. The present scenario is the time which gives an opportunity to address the social problems with the entrepreneurial approaches. Of late we have witnessed that most of the large multinational and global corporations are increasingly undertaking corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives in order to sustain their brand image and ultimately their profitability (Beurden and Gossling, 2008). Being socially responsible has its payoffs in the modern business era. Therefore, we thought it would be wise to have a balance between both the commercial as well as social agendas for our business plan. The group members were of the view that having a strong social agenda will ultimately benefit our commercial aim. With that in our mind, we identified several areas of social benefit where we could initiate a business. Out of several different options, we decided for LDS. III. Team Work Our team comprising of 4 members was tasked to formulate the business plan and present it in a written report and through an oral presentation. All the members of our team were already familiar with each other as we were already part of a wider academic group. We were determined to work for these tasks and contribute towards its successful completion. The entire project was divided into several small tasks such as environment and market analysis; marketing plan; service development and operation plan, financial projection; drafting final report and developing the presentation of the project. These tasks were delegated among the members of the team in a way that everyone would have equal workload. This process was completed with consensus. According to William Tuckman’s theory of Group Stage Development, this phase of our team work qualifies for the â€Å"forming Stage†[1] (Tuckman, 1965) where each member of a group acquires his/her roles. My role was to finalize the pr oject report. This part required me to coordinate with each of the groups’ member to get their input regarding different parts of the report. The storming’ phase of our group development was mostly uneventful. This was followed by a ‘norming’ phase wherein we had several meetings to discuss the progress of the work and jointly prepare the presentation. Subsequently, our group reached the ‘performing’ stage and we completed all the project tasks. While I was following up for the work, I observed that some of the group members required constant oversight and assistance in making decisions and proceeding with the work while some individuals were doing relatively well on their own. I tried to understand these behavioural patterns in light of William Schutz’s theory of ‘fundamental interpersonal relationship orientation’ (FIRO Theory, 2004). I learned that some people, as contended by Schutz, are deficient in terms of inclusion (i.e. wanting others to call them, invite them in a meeting, seek their opinion) and control (i.e. wanting others to help them decide, seek advice) and resultantly they desire others to make an effort to include them and exert control over them. By catering their interpersonal relationship needs, these members turned out to be as much productive as any other. IV. Presentation Experience During the course of this assignment, I have learnt that regardless of the merits of a proposal, its approval depends largely upon how well it is presented in front of its respective stakeholders (audience). Information of any length can be conveyed through written communication in form of reports; however, they lack the persuasive powers of face to face communication (RoAne, 2009). Presentations, which allow face-to-face communication, play an important role in this regard (RoAne, 2009). Therefore, high impact presentation skills are very important in the modern competitive business world. During my presentation, I have learnt that it is important to utilize modern technologies to present right ideas. Modern technologies, such as computer aided presentation software Microsoft PowerPoint provide an exciting improvement to the most traditional types of presentation. Therefore, it is important for me as a business management undergraduate to have adequate proficiency in using such tools. Apart from the visual aids, other environmental and technical arrangements are also vital to ensure distractions and mishaps are avoided. While presenting in front of the panel, I learned that visual aids including PowerPoint slides, should only add to the presentation. A presenter should rely primarily on his/her knowledge of the subject, enthusiasm, energy and communication skills for a brilliant presentation. The traditional presentation technique of speaking effectively is of utmost importance in delivering effective presentation that captures the attention of the audience. V. Alternative Scenario Looking back at the financial prediction of our group’s business plan, I am of the view that it was just about right. Although it may seem very optimistic to generate more than ?5 million in revenue in three years, it can be achieved considering the merit of our business idea. However, doing so would require rigorous efforts and expertise in web designing, business analysis, human computer interaction and project management. Since we do not possess adequate proficiencies in all these areas, it would be very difficult for us to implement this plan. Since most of the cash flow and profit and loss calculations are based on assumptions, it would be logical to take into account both best case scenario and worst case scenario for financial calculations. For instance, the economy of UK can take a stark turn for the good and the government may announce significant increase in social service spending, rendering our services as less significant. Or NGOs and local bodies may decide to use our platform more extensively, instilling great value in our service. These changes can have contrasting affect of the financial performance of our proposed business idea. Therefore, having alternate growth projections can help improve our business plan. References Beurden P Gossling T (2008), The Worth of Values – A Literature Review on the Relation Between Corporate Social and Financial Performance, Journal of Business Ethics, Vol 82, pp. 407-424 Dees, G. J. (1998) The Meaning of Social Entrepreneurship. Stanford University. Dees, J. G., Emerson, J. Economy, P. (2001) Enterprising Non-profits: A Toolkit for Social Entrepreneurs. New York: Wiley Sons, Inc. Dishman, L. (2012). Three Important Retail Trends for 2013. Forbes. Available from http://www.forbes.com/sites/lydiadishman/2012/12/17/three-important-retail-trends-for-2013/ (cited on 26th Feb, 2013) ‘FIRO Theory’ (2004) People Performance Power: Corporate and Personal Consulting Group. Available from http://www.peopleperformancepower.com/FIRO_Theory.htm (cited on 20th March, 2010) Grau, J. (2012). Retail Ecommerce Forecast—Challenging Economy Drives Online Shopping. E-Marketer. Available from http://www.emarketer.com/Webinar/Retail-Ecommerce-ForecastChallenging-Economy-Drives-Online-Shopping/4000055#ezkpFzGkLHHE4Pwe.99 (cited on 26th Feb, 2013) Hawkins. D (1998), Consumer Behavior. Tata McGraw-Hill, p. 560-565 RoAne, S. (2009) Face to Face: How to Reclaim the Personal Touch in a Digital World. Simon and Schuster Tuckman, B. W. (1965) Developmental Sequences in Small Groups. Psychological Bulletin No. 63 p. 384-399 Tuckman B and Jensen M (1977) Stages of Small Group Development. Group and Organizational Studies. 2:419-427. [1] Tuckman’s theory relates to four stages of group development namely forming, storming, norming and performing. How to cite Business Plan: E-Commerce Application â€Å"Learning Disability Service†), Essay examples

Freelancers Respond to Monetary Incentives Samples for Students

Questions: 1.Provide a broad overview of Freelancer Ltd and Identify and Discuss the rights, roles and responsibilities of Freelancer's Shareholders. 2.Explain why these rules are in place and how they contribute to an Efficient Stock Exchange, support the Interests of listed Entities, maintain Investor Protection and Impact will these have on the liquidity Management of the firm and firm value? 3. Within the Context of the ASX, Explain why there is a requirement and need for Continuous Reporting. Answers: 1.Freelancer Ltd. is the world's largest crowd resourcing and freelancing market by amount of clients and assignments. They have a connection of over23 millionmanagers, owners and freelancers across the globe i.e. from more than 247 countries, areas and territories. In the course of the market, employers can take into service freelancers for carrying out the work in regions such as development of software, texting, data entry and drawing correctly through to production, the sciences, marketing and sales and the services of accounting and legal frameworks (Moore et al., 2016). Freelancer Limited is buying and selling on the stock exchange i.e. the Australian Securities Exchange as ASX: FLN. The requirements for Australian companies seeking general admission to the ASX and the ASX profit test and asset test requirements are as follows: Number of Shareholders: Minimum 300 non-affiliated investors @ A$2,000 Free Float: 20% Profit Test: A$1 million aggregated profit from continuing operations over past 3 years + A$500,000 consolidated profit from continuing operations over the last 12 months. Assets Test: A$4 million net tangible assets or A$15 million market capitalization The corporation must have a minimum of 300 non-affiliated investors with holdings worth at a least amount of $2,000 each (Lewis, 2015). One does not have a need to comprise of the necessary spread or free float previous to the forming of the application of listing. The authorization for listing is approved subject to the corporation meeting the investors spread obligation through the recommendation of stocks and securities connected with the application of listing. 2.The conformity with an appropriate supremacy code may well be a measurement of personal agreements of listing. In some cases, the listing standards include elements of the code of governance. In further authorities, supplementary standards of governance over and above the code of governance have been introduced as division of the requirements of listing. For example, the TSX and the Stockholm Stock Exchange together impress such standards as component of their requirements of listing (Tricker Tricker, 2015). Similarly, Nasdaq markets and NYSEs commercial governance necessities for issuers of listing are element of the standards of listing. A number of stock exchanges have a scale of judgment in introduction of these necessities. The function of standards to potential issuers in many instances is area under discussion to the prudence of the stock exchanges that find their own selves facing escalating struggle for the issuers. For illustration, the NASDAQ OMX unambiguously affirm that they keep hold of the power to approve the recording even though if a company does not carry on the fulfillment of all the necessities for listing (Mayne Power, 2013). It has an occurrence as lengthy as it is contented that the goals at the back of the listing requirements are not negotiated or that they can be attained by other ways. The TSX also has a reservation of the right to work out its carefulness in application of the least amount of listing and de-listing decisive factor. A number of interactions have come under condemnation accurately on this explanation. The ASX was recently criticized, together with the advisors of proxies, fo r having a waiver to its requirements of listing that has decided, in spite of the fact that like NASDAQ OMX, it has a lawful foundation for carrying out the same (Wilkinson, 2014). 3.The ASX Rules of Listing surrounds constant disclosure necessities that a listed company needs to assure. Continuous disclosure is the appropriate and timely directing of material data to maintain the market knowledgeable of proceedings and expansion as they take place. Flaws to meet up the revelation obligations may have an end result in penalties of civil and criminal nature for the business and also the company officers in some cases. The most important and universal rule for continuous disclosure is that on one occasion an entity is or gets conscious of any data relating to it. The entities should instantaneously inform the ASX of the required information. By means of a non-comprehensive record of illustrations, the company must make available notices to the ASX if the business formulates a takeover bid or carry out a share buy-back or signs a substantial agreement. The availability must also be done in cases of transformations in its officers. In case there is a non compliance of the continuous disclosures, it would be a contravention of the rules and regulations to reveal the information and the same concerns an unfinished suggestion or cooperation (Lau, 2015). The data consist of matters of hypothesis or is inadequately definite to necessitate disclosure. ASX may also have need of revelation of information by the corporation if ASX believes that there could be a forged marketplace in the securities of the company. References Lau, A. (2015). Why bidder shareholders should get a say.Equity,29(6), 21. Lewis, K. (2015). Revised ASX guidance on trading policies.Governance Directions,67(1), 8. Mayne, S., Power, C. (2013). Policies under review as ASA names the longest serving directors.Equity,27(8), 5. Moore, J., Shoven, J., Shelef, O. (2016). Payment Schemes in Online Marketplaces: How Do Freelancers Respond to Monetary Incentives?. Tricker, R. B., Tricker, R. I. (2015).Corporate governance: Principles, policies, and practices. Oxford University Press, USA. Wilkinson, S. (2014). Key changes to proposed ASX listing rules.Governance Directions,66(4), 223.

Stan Lee, Comic Books and a World in Crisis Essay Example For Students

Stan Lee, Comic Books and a World in Crisis Essay For the last century, humanity has endured some of its greatest tragedies; the Great Depression, World Wars I and II, the Cold War, and the Vietnam War to name a few. Throughout these darkest hours, mankind suffered so greatly that morale was lowering with ever passing day. As such, the need for a method of captioning the low morale, and turning it into something positive for mankind’s sake was dire. At the ready to fill this need were the superhero comic books that since the early 20th century have helped change our perspective of American culture, as well as the role America played in the aforementioned historical events. We will write a custom essay on Stan Lee, Comic Books and a World in Crisis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Though comic books were already being published in the 1920s and 1930s for humor purposes, it was not until 1938, when the first Superman comic book became available to the public that mankind would finally fill that need. After that first run of Superman comic books, superheroes took the world, especially North America, by storm. In North American culture of the 20th century, superheroes represented the common man’s contempt for the Axis powers, his thirst for more power during the Cold War, as well as the literal â€Å"superpower,† pun intended, that America had become following the victory of the Allied powers of World War II. While many of the superheroes we know and love today come from the DC universe, no person related to comic books, real or fictional, has been as important in the superhero world as Stanley Martin Lieber. Stanley Martin Lieber, more commonly known by his pseudonym Stan Lee, is an American comic book writer and editor, and the former Chairman Emeritus of Marvel Comics. As a writer for Marvel Comics, Stan Lee, having worked with such artists as Jack Kirby and Steve Ditko, helped co-create such popular superheroes as Spider-Man, the Fantastic Four, the X-Men, Hulk, Thor, Iron Man, Daredevil, Doctor Strange, along with many other characters. Following his 3-year stint in the military from 1942 to 1945, Stan Lee began his extensive career of co-creating Marvel’s most popular superheroes, and writing the dialogue. While he originally considered switching career paths, Stan Lee, upon the advice of his family of having nothing to lose, began with his creation of the Fantastic Four. Unlike DC Comics’ superheroes, who were idealistically perfect people with no serious, enduring problems, Marvel’s/Stan Lee’s superheroes had flawed lives/personalities. These heroes had bad tempers, melancholy fits, vanity, greed, etc. Not only did Marvel’s superheroes capture the imagination of teens and young adults who were part of the population spike, known as the post-World War II â€Å"baby boom,† but they were, and still are to this day, as a result of these aforementioned shortcomings, more relatable to the common man, inside and outside of the comics, as well. Of all the historical events mentioned above, the worst one by far has to be the Second World War from 1939 to 1945. From this one war, more than 50 million people lost their lives on both sides, the Allied powers and the Axis powers alike. With all of the American men having been sent overseas to fight, the war had a huge impact on women, both positively and negatively, though the latter to a much greater extent than the former. With all of the men overseas, job positions needed to be filled, and women were the best alternative. Women began to enter the workforce at an, obviously, unprecedented rate. It was at this point that the role of women in society began to take long strides away from the simple roles of the then idealistic trophy wife. On the other hand, while there was the extant glass ceiling shattering at the time, there was also widespread sadness among women, as their fathers, uncles, husbands, boyfriends, and, in some cases, sons were being gunned down by the hundreds, if not the thousands, every single day that they fought in the war. .u0fff818fdc76218177341828fe7d0273 , .u0fff818fdc76218177341828fe7d0273 .postImageUrl , .u0fff818fdc76218177341828fe7d0273 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0fff818fdc76218177341828fe7d0273 , .u0fff818fdc76218177341828fe7d0273:hover , .u0fff818fdc76218177341828fe7d0273:visited , .u0fff818fdc76218177341828fe7d0273:active { border:0!important; } .u0fff818fdc76218177341828fe7d0273 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0fff818fdc76218177341828fe7d0273 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0fff818fdc76218177341828fe7d0273:active , .u0fff818fdc76218177341828fe7d0273:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0fff818fdc76218177341828fe7d0273 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0fff818fdc76218177341828fe7d0273 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0fff818fdc76218177341828fe7d0273 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0fff818fdc76218177341828fe7d0273 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0fff818fdc76218177341828fe7d0273:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0fff818fdc76218177341828fe7d0273 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0fff818fdc76218177341828fe7d0273 .u0fff818fdc76218177341828fe7d0273-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0fff818fdc76218177341828fe7d0273:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Cuban Missile Crisis EssayFor the people in the comic book world, this seemed like a good opportunity to create a militaristic, patriotic superhero, known today as Captain America, who would fight on the front lines of the battlefield his shield slinging talents against the Nazis (Maslon Kantor, 249). While Stan Lee is not credited with the creation of Captain America in any way, he did do the writing of the dialogue and the editing for the comic book series when it debuted in 1941, and continued to do so upon completion of his military stint the following three years (1942-1945). Captain America quickly became a cultural icon among comic book fanatics. For people in the comic book world, many of whom were Jewish, Captain America served as a means of dishing out vengeance on the Nazis, and by extension, Hitler himself, as the American Jews still had many relatives who lived in Nazi occupied countries such as Poland, Germany, and Hungary, to name a few (Maslon Kantor, 250). Having actually been in the military definitely helped Stan Lee to paint a better picture, figuratively speaking, of the war-ridden atmosphere of Europe. Following the defeat of the Axis powers of World War II in 1945, everything seemed to be getting slightly better for the northern hemisphere. That is until in 1950, when the US and the Soviet Union entered the Cold War. What is meant by â€Å"Cold War† is the fact that neither side attacked each other, out of fear, as well as acceptance of the notion of mutually assured destruction via nuclear weapons of mass destruction. Thus began the age of nuclear experimentation, in which both the Americans and the Soviets were in constant competition with each other to see who could produce the most, and best quality nuclear weapons. The general American populace lived every day in fear that the Soviets would attack and destroy as much of the country as they could. Stan Lee fed off this fear to create, along with artist Jack Kirby, a new anger-driven anti-hero, known today as the Incredible Hulk in 1962 (Maslon Kantor, 303). In the comic books, the Incredible Hulk was a result of Dr. Bruce Banner absorbing a huge amount of gamma radiation when his government-funded research into weaponizing gamma radiation into a bomb went terribly awry. The context in which the Incredible Hulk was created reflects the arms race between the US and the Soviet Union. Much like Robert Louis Stevenson’s all-time classic Dr. Jekyll Mr. Hyde story, Dr. Bruce Banner and the Incredible Hulk are two natures constantly at war with each other within the same body trying to dominate each other for complete control. This can also relate to the context of the Cold War between the Americans and the Soviets, who constantly tried to best each other with new weapons, all to see who would be the number one superpower of the world. During the postwar period, and especially during the Cold War, a new American identity was unearthing itself, so as to stimulate nation-wide unity. It must be noted, however, that this unity applied strictly to whites. This identity comprised the typical Protestant white American men/women, who needed to come together to rise above their fear of the Soviets. With this identity came much discrimination of not just the blacks, but also the Catholics, the Jews, among several other religious/ethnic groups that did not fit the bill of this new American identity. If one was not a devout white Protestant, he/she was discriminated against and alienated in society, which led to widespread racism, anti-Semitism, and xenophobia. From this context, Stan Lee, along with Jack Kirby, both Jews, co-created the superhero team known as the X-Men in 1963 (Maslon Kantor, 505). The X-Men are a team of mutants, or Homo Superior, with extraordinary powers that are, in the comics, believed to be the next step in the Darwinian evolutionary chain (Maslon Kantor, 510). As a result of these powers, the general populace shuns the mutants, much like the blacks and the Jews were for much of the Cold War period. These mutants come in many shapes, sizes, and represent a wide array of ethnicities. .ud7bd9da65d4c42238012a952e963330a , .ud7bd9da65d4c42238012a952e963330a .postImageUrl , .ud7bd9da65d4c42238012a952e963330a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud7bd9da65d4c42238012a952e963330a , .ud7bd9da65d4c42238012a952e963330a:hover , .ud7bd9da65d4c42238012a952e963330a:visited , .ud7bd9da65d4c42238012a952e963330a:active { border:0!important; } .ud7bd9da65d4c42238012a952e963330a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud7bd9da65d4c42238012a952e963330a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud7bd9da65d4c42238012a952e963330a:active , .ud7bd9da65d4c42238012a952e963330a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud7bd9da65d4c42238012a952e963330a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud7bd9da65d4c42238012a952e963330a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud7bd9da65d4c42238012a952e963330a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud7bd9da65d4c42238012a952e963330a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud7bd9da65d4c42238012a952e963330a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud7bd9da65d4c42238012a952e963330a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud7bd9da65d4c42238012a952e963330a .ud7bd9da65d4c42238012a952e963330a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud7bd9da65d4c42238012a952e963330a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: So often, when books or plays get made into movies, the whole story is butchered, and the final outcome is uninteresting EssayFor instance, there are American mutants such as Jean Grey, a telepath, and Cyclops, who can shoot laser beams out of his eyes; there are British mutants such as Charles Xavier, or Professor x, the telepathic namesake and leader of the X-Men; there are African mutants such as Ororo Munroe, or Storm, who can manipulate weather as she chooses; there are Canadian mutants such as Wolverine, who has healing powers, as well as a near-invincible adamantium-infused skeleton; and there is even a Russian mutant, Piotr Rasputin, otherwise known as Colossus, wh o can turn his entire body into organic steel, giving him superhuman strength, stamina, and durability. By working together as a team, the X-Men join together to stop the evil Brotherhood of Mutants, who seek revenge on the common man for shunning them (Maslon Kantor, 510). The X-Men stimulated the desire of the mutants not only to resist a variety of repressive social norms – such as racial segregation, sexism, anti-Semitism, and xenophobia – but also to contribute to the foundation from which new kinds of preferences pertaining to political affiliation and self-identification could be practiced/adhered to (Fawaz, 361). In my final analysis, much of the tragic historical events of the 20th century, such as World War II, the postwar period, and the Cold War, which stimulated widespread depression, fear, and pent up anger, led to the creation of superheroes in comic books. These superheroes, many of which were created by Stanley Martin Lieber, more commonly known as Stan Lee, captioned the emotions felt by the general populace during the period in which they were created. For instance, Captain America represented the patriotism of the Americans, as well as their utter hatred for the Nazis. The Incredible Hulk represented the Americans’ anger toward the Soviets, and their desire to develop nuclear weapons to remain the strongest nation in the world. Lastly, the mutated band of superheroes known as the X-Men represented the prevalent racism, anti-Semitism, and xenophobia of the white American Protestants against other races, ethnicities, and religions to whom they were neighbors. All this to say that whenever people say that in a perfect world, there would be no racism, war, poverty, and so on, they dont realize that comic books can act as a form of release from the existential terrors of existence. In other words, comic book series, such as the X-Men, not only depict the racism and segregation of the 1960s and 1970s, but they also show how the victim group, in this case the mutant superheroes, not only work together to fight the bad guys, but also to prove their segregators that they (mutants) wont lower themselves to their level, and how they choose to be the better people. All in all, superheroes are paragons of humanity and morality that each and every person should aspire to be like. Bibliography: Fawaz, Ramzi. Where No X-Man Has Gone Before! Mutant Superheroes and the Cultural Politics of Popular Fantasy in Postwar America. American Literature 83.2 (2011): 355-88. Academic Search Premier. Web. 23 Apr. 2014. Maslon, Laurence, and Michael Kantor. Superheroes!: Capes, Cowls, and the Creation of the Comic Book Culture. New York: Random House, 2013. Print. *Page numbers according to e-book. Stan The Man Lee Stanley Martin Lieber. Comic Book Database. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Apr. 2014.

Free Essays on Accounting And Financial Decision Making

Most executives and business owners ascertain company health based purely on the financial end result. However, impropriety does not always reveal itself on the balance sheets. In an article by Joseph T. Wells in the Journal of Accountancy the problem of cash register theft is addressed and illustrates the effect on a company’s financial health. In the article, an internal auditor was ask to investigate why on particular store had lost money for three consecutive years. The author, a fraud examiner, worked with the auditor to determine where the money was going and the method used to obtain it. The first clue was when refund slips were discovered that were for exact even amounts, which is not typical of refunds. It was found that the company’s accounting method of verifying net sales against bank deposits aid the culprit in the embezzlement of thousands of dollars in cash over the previous three years. If the company had at any time performed a horizontal analysis of income statements a red flag would have appeared because of increased refunds in comparison to sales. A former manager, no longer with the company, was soon discovered to be the culprit. The former employee’s personal finances were going to have to be examined in order to solidify the case and provide concrete evidence against the employee. There are three ways that these personal records could be acquired, through an attorney, through the police or both. The company’s CEO elected to have the police subpoena the former manager for all his personal banking information over the last three years. By examination the auditor was able to match the amounts from refund receipts to exact unexplained cash deposits in the former manager's bank account. One of the most surprising discoveries was more than $600,000 of the missing $800,000 total had been openly deposited into the manager’s account. The final outcome to the case was unfortunate and all too common. The Pros... Free Essays on Accounting And Financial Decision Making Free Essays on Accounting And Financial Decision Making Most executives and business owners ascertain company health based purely on the financial end result. However, impropriety does not always reveal itself on the balance sheets. In an article by Joseph T. Wells in the Journal of Accountancy the problem of cash register theft is addressed and illustrates the effect on a company’s financial health. In the article, an internal auditor was ask to investigate why on particular store had lost money for three consecutive years. The author, a fraud examiner, worked with the auditor to determine where the money was going and the method used to obtain it. The first clue was when refund slips were discovered that were for exact even amounts, which is not typical of refunds. It was found that the company’s accounting method of verifying net sales against bank deposits aid the culprit in the embezzlement of thousands of dollars in cash over the previous three years. If the company had at any time performed a horizontal analysis of income statements a red flag would have appeared because of increased refunds in comparison to sales. A former manager, no longer with the company, was soon discovered to be the culprit. The former employee’s personal finances were going to have to be examined in order to solidify the case and provide concrete evidence against the employee. There are three ways that these personal records could be acquired, through an attorney, through the police or both. The company’s CEO elected to have the police subpoena the former manager for all his personal banking information over the last three years. By examination the auditor was able to match the amounts from refund receipts to exact unexplained cash deposits in the former manager's bank account. One of the most surprising discoveries was more than $600,000 of the missing $800,000 total had been openly deposited into the manager’s account. The final outcome to the case was unfortunate and all too common. The Pros...

Presidents Without a College Degree

Presidents Without a College Degree There are very few presidents without college degrees in American history. Thats not to say there havent been any, or that its impossible to work in politics without a college degree. Legally, you can be elected president of the United States  even if you didnt go to college.  The U.S. Constitution  does not set forth any education requirements for presidents.   But its a  pretty extraordinary achievement for a president without a college degree to be elected today. Every chief executive elected to  the White House in modern history  has held at least a bachelors degree. Most have earned advanced degrees or law degrees from Ivy League schools. In fact, every president since George H.W. Bush has held a degree from an Ivy League university.   Bush was a graduate of Yale University. So was his son, George W. Bush, the 43rd president, and Bill Clinton. Barack Obama got his law degree from Harvard University. Donald Trump, the billionaire real-estate developer and businessman elected president in 2016, graduated from the University of Pennsylvania, another Ivy League school. The trend is clear: not only do modern presidents have college degrees, but theyve also earned degrees from the most elite universities in the United States. But it wasnt always common for presidents to have earned degrees or even attended college. In fact, educational attainment wasnt a prime consideration among voters. Education of Early Presidents Fewer than half of the nations first 24 presidents held college degrees. Thats because they just didnt need to. For much of the nation’s history a college education was a prerequisite for the rich, well-connected or both; of the first 24 men who became president, 11 had not graduated from college at all (though three of those had attended some college without earning a degree), wrote  Drew DeSilver, a senior writer at the Pew Research Center. The most recent president without a college degree was Harry S. Truman, who served until 1953. The 33rd president of the United States, Truman attended business college and law school but graduated from neither. List of Presidents Without College Degrees George Washington: The nations first president never took college courses but did earn a  surveyors certificate.James Monroe: The nations fifth president attended William Mary College but didnt graduate.Andrew Jackson: The seventh president did not attend college.Martin Van Buren: The nations eighth president did not attend college.William Henry Harrison: The ninth president of the United States  attended both  Hampden-Sydney College and the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; he didnt graduate from either.Zachary Taylor: The nations 12th president did not attend college.Millard Fillmore: The 13th president did not attend college.Abraham Lincoln: The 16th president did not attend college.Andrew Johnson: The 17th president did not attend college.Grover Cleveland: The 22nd president did not attend college.William McKinley: The 25th president took courses at both Allegheny College and Albany Law School but did not graduate from either.Harry S. Truman: The 33rd presiden t took courses at Spaldings Commercial College  and the University of Kansas City School of Law but didnt earn degrees from either. Why Presidents Need College Degrees Now Even though nearly a dozen U.S. presidents - including some very successful ones - never earned degrees, every White House occupant since Truman has earned at least a bachelors degree. Would the likes of Lincoln and Washington be elected today without degrees? Probably not, wrote  Caitlin Anderson on CollegePlus, an organization that works with students to earn degrees.  Our information saturated society believes education must take place in the traditional classroom setting. Having a college degree makes candidates attractive. It makes anyone attractive. It’s essential.

Bad News Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Bad News - Essay Example I am social and enjoy the good company of my friends. Since I was young, living in Minnesota has been a fun and enjoyable experience. Growing up I enjoyed being outside and When I was young I was the oldest of my four friends. Every day after school, three of my friends and I would meet in our playhouse we made. The playhouse was made of materials we found and I can still smell the distinctive smell of the inside. The inside smelt of a worn leather smell. Just the four of us would play together for hours and do normal things kids our age did. We went on adventures and got into a little trouble. Our favorite game to play was a CSI type investigators game. We would pretend that we were crime solvers on an unsolvable case. I can remember it like it was yesterday. It was a cool summer Sunday. The wind was blowing just slightly and enough to cool one form the heat. It wasn’t too humid and to breath in the air was very refreshing. My friends and I were pretending we were investigato rs working on a serious crime. Our playhouse was located in my backyard right up next to the neighbor’s property line between a few oak trees. The neighbor next to where are play house was, was the prime suspect. His name was Jim. My family knew the neighbor very well and he didn’t mind us playing in his yard. We knew that he would not be home until after 4:30pm because he worked as an usher at a local church on Sundays.

Read and Respond to (IMMANUEL KANT) What is Enlightenment Research Paper

Read and Respond to (IMMANUEL KANT) What is Enlightenment - Research Paper Example Kant describes enlightenment as â€Å"Man’s emergence from his self-imposed immaturity† (Kant 1784), where immaturity essentially refers to an individual’s inability to use their own understanding in actions and instead depend on tutelage or guidance from others. Kant explains that this immaturity is self-imposed due to â€Å"lack of resolve to use it without guidance from another† (1784). He argues that the guardians who are depended upon by the unenlightened are keen to ensure that matters remain this way hence discourage their dependants through indicating that lack of their guidance will lead to danger. The guardians have been quite successful at discouraging maturity and enlightenment of the populace that only a few individuals have been able to become enlightened â€Å"by cultivating their own minds, in freeing themselves from immaturity and pursuing a secure course† (1784). However, Kant argues that enlightenment is inevitable and that the wo rld heads toward it with each age. He identifies two forms of freedom of using one’s reason as determinants of enlightenment whether public and private. Only public reasoning can succeed in bringing about enlightenment although holders of office and other individuals can privately reason and still publicly defend the symbols they represent. Kant uses the rest of his work to showcase that nothing can stand in the way of enlightenment, not religion, authority or even society itself. He also argues that we are not living in an enlightened age but rather in the age of enlightenment which translates to the gateway to enlightenment. A central theme in Kant’s work is that rational autonomy is achievable in the society albeit slowly; â€Å"But that the public should enlighten itself is more likely; indeed, if it is only allowed freedom, enlightenment is almost inevitable† (1784). He presents the view that enlightenment of the entire society is

One Flew over the Cuckoos Nest Essay Example for Free

One Flew over the Cuckoos Nest Essay In One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest, Ken Kesey tells the story of Randle McMurphy, a rebellious, boisterous and overtly sexual man who utilizes his extroverted qualities to win over his fellow patients in the mental institution. McMurphy’s confident nature and non-conforming attitude brings hope to everyone living in the ward. Ultimately, he sparks dissent and inspires them to go against the oppressive head nurse, Nurse Ratchet. McMurphy’s confidence does not waver until he realizes that Nurse Ratchet will always have the upper hand over the patients. Nevertheless, this does not stop him from concocting plans to provoke and get rid of her. McMurphy receives many harsh punishments for his actions and eventually loses the battle against the head nurse. Not only does he lose against Nurse Ratchet, but he eventually loses himself through the process. Additionally, in the film The Experiment, the protagonist Travis, undergoes an adversity which is comparable to what McMurphy faces in One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest. The development of both characters can parallel each other through the similarities of their actions. Kesey first introduces McMurphy to readers when he is brought to the mental institution. At first glance, McMurphy can be viewed as a con man. He committed the crime of statutory rape but instead of accepting a jail sentence he convinces the judge that he is not straight in the head and is thus sent to a mental institution. Most patients at the ward are unresponsive, yet when he first arrives at the institution, he introduces himself to everyone. The patients and nurses are taken aback by McMurphy’s feisty attitude. Unlike the other patients, McMurphy is loud, arrogant, and capable and it is evident to everyone that he does not belong in a place like that. After the wards group meeting, McMurphy sees firsthand how Nurse Ratchet abuses her power as head nurse. He makes a bet with all the patients in the ward that he can make lose her temper. The patients warn him and insist that Nurse Ratchet not one to be messed with but he still acts otherwise. In this instance, McMurphy’s rebellious nature shines through. It is made clear to readers that he will not allow Nurse Ratchet to win over the patients for long. He wants to give her a hard time and hopefully get rid of her. Nurse Ratchet sees McMurphy’s deviance and knows that she must break him, just like she broke all the other patients so she can continue her oppressive leadership over the ward. After numerous confrontations between McMurphy and Nurse Ratchet, the patients in the ward find the incidents quite amusing. Eventually, McMurphy is able to rile up all the patients and encourage them to watch the World Series on the television. Although it was not their allotted time to watch the television, they all participate in the rebellion. Through McMurphy actions, the patients see that they should not view Nurse Ratchet as an oppressive and domineering force. They begin to feel hope inside themselves and begin to envision that living in the ward will not be as miserable as it once was. Nurse Ratchet’s patience begins to wear thin and once McMurphy physically attacks her, she quickly makes the decision to have him lobotomized and leaves him neurologically disabled. After this event, the patients can no longer live in the ward. McMurphy was a friend to all and they could not stand living under Nurse Ratchet’s rule. She loses all control and the patients transfer to other wards or check out of the institution completely. McMurphy’s eventual destruction and death was not out of vain as he was able to transform the patients into believing that each person was an individual and should be able to freely express themselves. He left them with a belief that would aid them for the rest of their lives. Randle McMurphy’s feisty and strong-willed character can easily parallel many dominant male characters in films. For example, in the 2010 film The Experiment, Paul T. Scheuring directs the story of 26 men who are selected to take part in a 14 day experiment where some participants act as guards and others as inmates. The guards have only one rule to follow they must make sure the inmates obey the basic rules of living in a prison. Eventually the power wielded by the guards gets to their heads. They abuse their roles and exploit and humiliate the inmates. They become great oppressors and being to forget that the inmates are only human. Violence begins to ensue. The protagonist, Travis, is selected to be an inmate in the prison. From the beginning, it is made apparent that Travis is not buying into the whole prisoner concept. Just like McMurphy, Travis acts out as an individual. He is not one to follow others and ceases any opportunity to give the guards a difficult time. He then begins to act out in defiant ways. He mobilizes the inmates and leads rebellions against the guards. He and many other inmates firmly decide that they will not be silenced into submission. Eventually, the experiment goes wildly out of control and is stopped by researchers. Like Randle McMurphy, Travis fights back against the oppressors. He did not like seeing his fellow inmates get taken advantage of. Travis begins rebelling and disobeying the rules in small ways, such as refusing to eat his meals. Eventually, he uses physical force to end the tyranny in the prison. Randle McMurphy and Travis are similar characters in many ways. They both were able to unite the group of men that were facing the same adversity. They did not like seeing any of their own getting harmed. Furthermore, just like McMurphy, Travis acts in defiant ways to get into the guards heads. And finally, both use physical force to hurt their oppressors at the very end. To sum it up, they are the spark that brings hope to the oppressed and lead the rebellions against the oppressors.

The Shakespearian Play: Hamlet Essay -- Rosencrantz and Guildenstern

Tom Stoppard creates a life off the stage for the characters of the poplar Shakespearian play, Hamlet. He provided a dramatic and comedic effect through the story of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, two childhood companions of Hamlet. In the setting of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead, two different worlds exist. There is the onstage world of Hamlet, in which all of the characters are caught up in the story line of the play, and the offstage world of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. The odd and void-like world of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern provides these characters with little information and forces them to believe that nothing is happening in their lives. They come to realize that they solely exist within this story to provide their services to the needs of the story happening around them. They barely take part in this story, as the other characters are completely unaware of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern’s existence. The characters of Hamlet only seem to exist within th e play and are provided with no other reasons to believe that their world might not be real. When Rosencrantz and Guildenstern finally show up in the play, they are discomforted and do not spend enough time onstage to gather enough information to understand this alternate life. None of the other characters show concern for the duo and do not seem to be interested in their lives once they leave the stage. However, they spark the interest of The Player. He illustrates the capability of being able to easily move between the two worlds. He is the leader of the Tragedians and displays a sense of understanding to Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. The Player seems to be the only character that can easily transition between both worlds and has an understanding of th... ...ut the play, even though death is determined, that fulfillment of life is enough for anyone. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern do not realize this throughout the play and they become distraught to know that portrayed them to be insignificant. Through the Player, Stoppard creates a character that is able to appreciate the pointlessness of the absurd world he lives in, and discover significance in it by creating it for himself. The Player’s habit to mix the lines between theatre and reality by asserting he does not distinguish the two is a statement that the two require the same thing in order to be understood: suspension of disbelief. (2.81) Works Cited Shakespeare, William. â€Å"The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark† Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing. Ed. Edgar V. Roberts. 9th Ed. New York: Pearson Longman, 2009. Print The Shakespearian Play: Hamlet Essay -- Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Tom Stoppard creates a life off the stage for the characters of the poplar Shakespearian play, Hamlet. He provided a dramatic and comedic effect through the story of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, two childhood companions of Hamlet. In the setting of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead, two different worlds exist. There is the onstage world of Hamlet, in which all of the characters are caught up in the story line of the play, and the offstage world of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. The odd and void-like world of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern provides these characters with little information and forces them to believe that nothing is happening in their lives. They come to realize that they solely exist within this story to provide their services to the needs of the story happening around them. They barely take part in this story, as the other characters are completely unaware of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern’s existence. The characters of Hamlet only seem to exist within th e play and are provided with no other reasons to believe that their world might not be real. When Rosencrantz and Guildenstern finally show up in the play, they are discomforted and do not spend enough time onstage to gather enough information to understand this alternate life. None of the other characters show concern for the duo and do not seem to be interested in their lives once they leave the stage. However, they spark the interest of The Player. He illustrates the capability of being able to easily move between the two worlds. He is the leader of the Tragedians and displays a sense of understanding to Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. The Player seems to be the only character that can easily transition between both worlds and has an understanding of th... ...ut the play, even though death is determined, that fulfillment of life is enough for anyone. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern do not realize this throughout the play and they become distraught to know that portrayed them to be insignificant. Through the Player, Stoppard creates a character that is able to appreciate the pointlessness of the absurd world he lives in, and discover significance in it by creating it for himself. The Player’s habit to mix the lines between theatre and reality by asserting he does not distinguish the two is a statement that the two require the same thing in order to be understood: suspension of disbelief. (2.81) Works Cited Shakespeare, William. â€Å"The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark† Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing. Ed. Edgar V. Roberts. 9th Ed. New York: Pearson Longman, 2009. Print

Organizational culture that affects aviation accidents

Edward P. Warner said, â€Å"The modern airplane is the product of a program of research, development and refinement in detail that no other structure or mechanism has ever matched.The results have been so remarkable that there is always danger of forgetting that these extraordinary craft still have to be operated by men, and that the most important test they have to meet is still that of being operable without imposing unreasonable demands or unnecessary strains on the flight personnel (quoted in Billings, 1997).†It is imperative to mention the significance of human and machine interactions when dealing with an aviation system. An organizational structure determines how a system performs as it involves the mindset, the values and the goals of a group. The humans are the ones that control and use the machines and they are the ones who belong and participate in a specific organizational culture.Even if the aviation system is considered one of the most â€Å"technology-intensiv e, spatially distributed system,† the force that operates and manages the functions of the system still depend upon the human labor force (Billings 1997, p. 3). This system operates to move passengers and cargo from one location to another with the use of highly complex and automated machines.Technology has never been utilized and maximized more effectively in any other industry than the aviation enterprise and it remains to be an industry to promote the advance of such technology for better safety and higher comforts for the passengers (Billings 1997, p. 3).Automation of the airline industry revealed subtle yet existing assumptions that machines would soon replace humans in the workplace (Billings 1997, p. 201). A better perspective would be that humans and machines are complementary rather that competitive of each other (Billings 1997, p. 201).The rising dependence for machine was seen to be a major factor that shapes the culture of the aviation industry. As machines could d o more of what a pilot and air traffic control officer does, sometimes at a higher rate of efficiency, air carriers have moved to use automations more than ever.However, there were questions as to the degree of control humans have over the operation (Billings 1997, p. 206). It is important to note that at present machines cannot completely replace humans in their functions as checklists required before and during the flight cannot be solely accomplished by some machine (Billings 1997, p. 207).

Diffusion and Osmosis of Solutes and Water Across a Membrane

Diffusion and Osmosis of Solutes and Water Across a Membrane Brittany Bacallao Nova Southeastern University Abstract: This experiment gave a visual understanding of osmosis and diffusion. The first experiment proved that solutes would move down a concentration gradient if permeable to the selective membrane. The second experiment proved different solute concentrations affect the movement of water, depending on the solute concentration inside the cell. The purpose of this lab was to look for different solutes that can cross an artificial membrane and to observe the effect of different concentrations of sucrose on the mass of a potato cell.Results for Part One suggested that the molecular weight of albumin and starch was too large to pass through the dialysis tube, but glucose and sodium sulfate molecules were small enough to pass through the dialysis tube. Also, a decrease in water weight occurred due the dialysis tube being placed in a hypertonic solution. Results for Par Two showed the potato cell having a molar concentration of 0. 2734, which caused sucrose concentrations above 0. 2 M to have a decrease in mass. Inversely, sucrose concentrations below 0. 2 M caused an increase in mass.Diffusion is the random movement of molecules spreading evenly into available space (Cain, Jackson, Minorsky, Reece, & Urry, 2011). Movement of water also follows a similar concept, however, water can act as a shield for solutes and become unavailable to diffuse while in other cases water is free and will move to an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration: this processes is better known as osmosis (Keith, Messing, Schmitt, & Feingold, 2010). Osmosis and diffusion can occur along a permeable membrane or selective membrane.A cell with a selective membrane allows small molecules and ions to pass through but excludes others; also, substances that are able to pass through the membrane do so at different rates. On the other hand, permeable membranes al low nonpolar molecules, such as hydrophobic molecules (water fearing), to dissolve in the lipid bilayer, which allows the molecule to easily cross the membrane. However, molecules such as glucose can pass through the lipid bilayer, but not as rapidly as nonpolar molecule (Cain et al. , 2011).Understanding the concept of osmosis helps explain why lakes cannot have an increase in salinity. If saltiness of a lake increases, species living in the lake could die. This occurs when the lake water becomes hypertonic solution, which causes the animal cells to lose an excessive amount of water forcing the cell to shrivel up and die (Cain et al. , 2011). On the contrary, understanding the concept of diffusion can help explain why after spraying perfume in one area of the room, then after several minutes, the perfume is smelled throughout the room.This is because particles of the perfume move randomly and eventually spread out evenly throughout the room. Moreover, in the experiment performed, d iffusion and osmosis was observed using artificial systems (plastic membranes) and potato cells. The null hypothesis for Part One of the experiment is that the concentration gradient has no effect on the weight of the dialysis tube. The alternate hypothesis is that the weight of the dialysis tube will be affected by the concentration gradient.The null hypothesis for Part Two of the experiment is that the increase of sucrose concentration has no effect on the mass of the potato cell. The alternate hypothesis is that the difference in sucrose concentration will affect the mass of the potato cell. This experiment tests all hypotheses and helps to explain the concepts of diffusion and osmosis. Materials and Methods: Part One: Gloves were used to obtain a 20 cm section of dialysis tube that had soaked in a beaker of distilled water prior to the experiment. The dialysis tube was cleaned with distilled water and then tied off to form a pouch.Once the pouch was formed, 3 mL of starch and so dium sulfate solution was placed inside the tube, and then tied off and weighed. The weight obtained was recorded as initial weight. While weighing the dialysis tube with the solution of starch and sodium sulfate, eight test tubes were obtained and solution of starch/sodium sulfate was added to two test tubes labeled bag start (Keith et al. , 2010). After weighing dialysis tubing of starch/sodium sulfate and adding the solution to two test tubes, the tubing was placed in a beaker containing a solution of albumin and glucose.Next, 1. 0 mL of albumin and glucose were then placed in two test tubes labeled solution start. The tubing in the albumin/glucose solution was kept inside the solution for 75 minutes. Every 15 minutes the solution and tube was mixed (Keith et al. , 2010). At the end of the 75 minutes, two 1. 0 mL samples of the albumin/glucose solution from the beaker were added to two test tubes labeled solution end. Then, the dialysis tube was removed from the beaker and rinsed off with distilled water. Once the tubing was rinsed and blotted dry the final water weight was recorded.After measuring the final water weight, the contents in the tubing was dumped into a beaker and 1. 0 mL of starch/sodium sulfate solution was added to two test tubes labeled bag end (Keith et al. , 2010). In order to test for glucose, a glucose dip and read strip was placed in the first set of test tubes that were labeled bag start, solution start, bag end, and solution end. Then, a protein dip-and-read strip was placed in the same set of test tubes and the results were recorded from both glucose and protein strips.After testing for protein, solution and bag samples were tested for sodium sulfate. To test for sodium sulfate, three drops of 2% barium chloride were added to the second set of test tubes labeled bag start, solution start, bag end, and solution end. The results were observed and then recorded (Keith et al. , 2010). To see if starch was present in the solutions, iodin e solution was added to the first set of test tubes that were used for the glucose and protein strips. Results were then observed and recorded (Keith et al. , 2010). Part two: Seven beakers were obtained. 0 mL of solution labeled 0. 2 M sucrose, 0. 4 M sucrose, 0. 6 M sucrose, 0. 8 M sucrose, 1 M sucrose, distilled water, and unknown were each placed in different beakers. Then, a potato was sliced into 28 cylinders using a cork borer. The cylinders were separated into seven groups of four and then placed under a paper towel until the group was ready to weigh the potato cylinders. Once prepared to weigh the cylinders, the weight of each group of cylinders was recorded. Four cylinders were placed into each beaker and sat for an hour (Keith et al. , 2010).After the beakers sat for an hour at room temperature, the potato cylinders were then removed and blotted dry. Final weight was recorded for each group of potato cylinders. To calculate the percentage change, the following equation wa s used (Keith et al. , 2010): Percent change =Ending mass-Starting massStarting mass? 100% Results: Part One Results for the first experiment revealed certain molecular weights were unable to pass through the selectively permeable membrane. Table 1 shows that albumin (protein) and starch were unable to pass through the selective membrane.Albumin’s molecular weight was approximately 64,000 Daltons and starch’s molecular weight was greater than 100,000 Daltons; these results were already known. Initially, glucose was present outside of the dialysis tube but in final results glucose was found in the final bag and final solution. On the contrary, sodium sulfate was initially present inside the dialysis tube but in the final results only, sulfate ion was found in the final solution. The last result was the change in water weight. Water had decreased from the initial weight. The following results are shown in Table 1.Table 1: Diffusion of solutes through an artificial membra ne after 75 minutes. | Glucose | Sulfate ion| Protein| Starch| Water weight (g)| Inside bag| Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Initial| -| +| -| +| 16. 59 g| Final| +| -| -| +| 16. 05 g| Outside bag| Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Initial| +| +| +++| -| Â  | Final| +| +| +++| -| Â  | Part Two In the second experiment results showed different concentrations of sucrose affected the potatoes’ mass. In the beakers containing 0. 0 M (distilled water) and 0. 2 M concentration of sucrose resulted in water entering the potato cell, which caused the cell to increase in mass.The beakers containing 0. 4 M, 0. 6 M, 0. 8 M, and 1 M of sucrose concentration had the opposite effect on the potatoes mass. Therefore, the higher the concentration was the greater amount of water left, causing the cell to decrease in mass. Also, the unknown concentration was found to be 0. 5 M of sucrose, which caused the mass in the potato cells to decrease as a result of water leaving the cell. The following infor mation is displayed in Table 2. Table 2: Percent change in mass of potato cells after being placed in different sucrose concentrations, also the differences in initial and final mass.Contents in beaker| Initial mass| Final mass| Mass difference| % Change in mass| a. Distilled Water| 0. 82| 0. 92| 0. 1| 12. 20%| b. 0. 2 M Sucrose| 0. 65| 0. 69| 0. 04| 6. 20%| c. 0. 4 M Sucrose| 0. 62| 0. 56| -0. 06| -9. 70%| d. 0. 6 M Sucrose| 0. 69| 0. 58| -0. 1| -15. 90%| e. 0. 8 M Sucrose| 0. 61| 0. 48| -0. 13| -21. 30%| f. 1 M Sucrose| 0. 74| 0. 57| -0. 17| -23%| g. Unknown| 0. 77| 0. 7| -0. 07| -9. 10%| The molar concentration of the potato cell was found to be 0. 2734 M. The molecular weight was found by looking for the x-intercept on the graph below (Figure 2. . Figure 2: Percent change in mass of potato cells put in different concentrations of sucrose. Discussion: Part One of the experiment indicated that the dialysis tube was selectively permeable and only molecular weight fewer than 64,000 Daltons were able to pass through the membrane. This explains why albumin and starch were unable to pass through the membrane because their molecules were too large. Conversely, glucose was able to pass through the selectively permeable membrane due to its relatively small molecular weight.However, because glucose was present in both the final bag and final solution this meant that glucose had evenly distributed its molecules by complying with the concept of diffusion. Sulfate ions present outside the dialysis tube in the final results show that sulfate ions were also able to diffuse through the selective membrane into the final solution. A decrease in water weight from initial weight shows that the dialysis tube was placed in a hypertonic solution causing more of the inside solution to diffuse to the outside leading to a decrease in the final weight of the bag.The null hypothesis is rejected in Part One of the experiment because the concentration gradient did affect the weight of t he dialysis tube. This is due to the fact that sodium sulfate completely left the bag, thus causing the bag to decrease in weight. The reason why sodium sulfate left is because there was no sodium sulfate in the solution; therefore, molecules went to an area of lower concentration. The alternate hypothesis is not rejected because the concentration gradient did affect the weight of the dialysis tube.This is proven by a decrease in initial weight due to sodium sulfate leaving the tube. Part Two of the experiment showed that the potato cells had some kind of change in their mass after being placed in different sucrose concentrations. The change in mass occurred because water either left the cell or entered the cell depending on the sucrose concentration. This explains why distilled water had the greatest increase in mass, because water wanted to go to an area (potato cell) of higher concentration from an area of low concentration.On the other hand, 1 M of sucrose concentration had the greatest decrease in mass because water wanted to leave the cell to move to an area of higher concentration. Therefore, if the concentration was greater than the molar concentration of the potato cell than water left the cell at a faster rate. The null hypothesis for Part Two of the experiment proved to be wrong because an increase in sucrose concentration did have an affect on the change in mass of the potato cell.Increased sucrose concentration changed the mass of the cell because the concentration was higher than the molar concentration of the potato cell. Thus, the alternate hypothesis is proven correct. The difference in sucrose concentration will affect the mass of the potato cell. References: Cain, M. L. , Jackson, R. B. , Minorsky, P. V. , Reece, J. B. , & Urry, L. A. (2011). Biology (9th Edition ed. ). San Francisco: Pearson Education, Inc. Keith, E. , Messing, C,. Schmitt, E. , Feingold, J. (2010). Laboratory Exercises in Biology (3rd ed. ). Dubuque, IA: Kendall Hunt Publi shing Company.

Ergonomics Lifting Lab †Anatomy Essay

Ergonomics Lifting Lab – Anatomy Essay Free Online Research Papers Ergonomics Lifting Lab Anatomy Essay Abstract The purpose of the experiment was to determine the moment of force as well as the shear and compressive forces acting on the lumbar spine (L4/L5) during two different lifting techniques – crane and bent knee. The experiment included photographing an 81.14 Kg male lifting a 20Kg mass 25 cm off the floor using each of the lifting techniques. The photographs were then used to calculate the moment of force of the erector spinae for the crane (250.3Nm) and bent knee (273.4Nm) lifts. The moment of force was used to calculate the force produced by the erector spinae in the crane (5006N) and bent knee (5470.2N) methods. The shear and compressive forces of the erector spinae were also calculated for the crane method – shear (530.49N), compressive (5312.3N) and the bent knee method – shear (351.35N, 158.32N) and compressive (5821.5, 6061.8N). The two measurements presented for the bent knee method indicate the two different angles of L4/L5. The calculations indicate that the bent knee method would be preferred in preventing low back pain as it causes lower shear forces on the L4/L5 region of the spine. Introduction: Second only to the common cold, low back pain is the most prevalent affliction of man (Borenstein, 1995). Approximately 80% of the total population is affected by this problem sometime in their life, thus it cannot be ignored. With respect to the working community, back pain is the most common musculoskeletal condition with 25% of all working men being affected by low back problems, forcing one out of twenty-five to change jobs (Anderson, 1989). Work related risk factors include repetitive lifting; particularly in forward bent and twisting positions, exposure to vibration and predominantly static work posture. These problems peak at the age of 40 for men and 50-60 for women. Due to occupations requiring less physical work, women have a decreased incidence of low back pain in comparison with men, giving improper lifting of heavy weights (Anderson, 1989). However, a decrease in the quality of life and increase in the level of stress can have dramatic effects on the productivity of society. Low back pain has been clearly established to be triggered by lifting (Moore, 1992). More importantly, improper lifting techniques have been implicated as the major cause of work-related low back pain (Fathallah et al., 1998). Recurrences are frequent, and three or more episodes have been reported in 30 to 70% of afflicted patients (Moore, 1992). The combination of lifting, bending and twisting is believed to be quite stressful to the spine because of the load moment. Weight, speed of the lift, location of the load and posture of the trunk are also important factors to consider (Anderson, 1989). Compressive and shear forces are two primary forces that affect the lumbar spine (Garg, 1992). The vertebral body is the first structure to fail with compressive and shear forces causing the vertebrae to move forward and down relative to the vertebra below it (Adams and Dolan, 1995). With respect to this lab, the compressive force rises from 500 N during standing to 1900 N when stooping to lift a 10 kg weight (Adams and Dolan, 1995). Incidence rates of low back pain are nine times higher when compressive forces are greater than 650 kg (6500 N) (Anderson, 1989). In this lab, we will examine the biomechanics of the crane and bent knee methods of lifting using a static model. We will determine the moment of force on the back extensor muscle group as well as the force acting on the lumbar spine. To find these values, the load on the lumbar spine (L4/L5) will need to be calculated. The weight of the body, arms, an external force (weight) and the erector spinae will also be considered. The erector spinae is the key extensor muscle of the vertebral column (Moore and Agur, 1996) while L4/L5 is critical for forward flexion and extension of the low back region (McGill and Norman, 1986). Due to the small moment arm (5 cm) between the erector spinae and L4/L5, small forces applied during lifting can produce large internal muscle forces (Garg, 1992), resulting in low back problems, and more specifically, chronic pain. With the incidence of low back pain rising consistently, physiotherapists are at the forefront of creating techniques and treatments that relieve low back pain. Traditionally, these treatments have been aimed at â€Å"living with the pain† and recently more active mobilization techniques are being implemented (D’Orazio, 1993). The focus is now on understanding and teaching the mechanical principles involved in lifting, rather than simply teaching a particular technique. Because low back pain is often a result of repeated stress over time (Garg, 1992), and not merely a one time accident, physiotherapists have to understand the relationship between individuals and job-related factors and the resulting risk of injury to the worker (Moore, 1992). This understanding of the biomechanics of lifting will result in improved patient education and adherence to prevention and treatment plans. Methods: The subject of this experiment was a twenty year old, 81.14Kg male with no previous history of back pain. Anatomical landmarks were placed on the subject to define segments for the calculations. In order to have these markers visible in the photograph, the subject wore shorts and removed his shirt. These anatomical landmarks were positioned in specific areas; they included: the auditory canal, glenohumeral joint, ulnar styloid process, C7/T1 spinous process and the L4/L5 vertebrae at the anterior superior iliac spine. These landmarks were represented by florescent markers and were positioned in the sagital plane of the subject so that they were visible in the digital photograph. Two separate photographs of the subject were taken. Each consisted of the subject being positioned parallel to a solid backdrop situated a few meters in front of the camera. Located on the backdrop were reference markers placed a meter apart (for scaling purposes). The subject was photographed lifting a 20 kg mass at a height of 0.25 m above of the ground using two separate techniques. The first photograph was of the subject exhibiting the â€Å"crane† method of lifting. In the subsequent photograph the subject utilized the â€Å"bent knee† technique. These digital recordings were then transferred to the computer where they were printed off for the purpose of static analysis (Appendix A B). The mass of each segment was determined by using values from Soderberg’s anthropometric data (Soderberg, 1986). The mass was calculated by multiplying the subject’s total mass (81.14Kg) by the percentage of total body weight of the particular segment. Thus, to determine each segmental force, the segmental masses were simply multiplied by the gravitational force. The purpose of the aforementioned landmarks was to serve as a means of determining the segmental lengths of the subject. These body segments consisted of the head and neck, thorax and abdomen, the upper arm and the forearm. In order to determine the actual length of the body segments, they were first measured in the photograph (in centimeters) and then converted into actual length in meters using the scaling factor. We were then able to use these segmental lengths to determine each segment’s centre of mass. This was calculated by multiplying the segment length (from the photographs) by the proximal distance of the COM taken from Soderberg’s anthropometric tables (1986). In determining the moment arm lengths of each segment and the load, we first drew a vertical line through the L4/ L5 axis on the photographs. By measuring the perpendicular distance from the centre of mass to the axis of rotation, we were then able to calculate the true moment arm lengths using our scaling factor. See pictures for drawing of the moment arms (Appendix A B). Prior to calculating the muscle moments of force, the muscle force, and the shear and compressive components of the Joint Reaction Force, several assumptions had to be made. These consisted of: 1) no acceleration (static equilibrium); 2) angle of vertebral body from horizontal during the crane lift was 60 degrees, and 35 15 for the bent knee lift; 3) no antagonistic muscle action; 4.) Moment Arm Length (MAL) of erector spinae (ES) muscle is 0.05m; 5) Force of ES acts perpendicular to the vertebral body, which is a compressive force; 6) Single muscle equivalents. Results: Table 1. shows the results of the calculations which can be seen in Appendix E. The results indicate that the moment of force of the erector spinae muscle is greater for the bent knee method of lifting than for that of the crane method by 23.2Nm. Table 1. also demonstrates the muscle force of the erector spinae when using the two different lifting techniques and shows clearly that the bent knee method causes a 464.16N larger force on the erector spinae than the crane method of lifting. The shear and compressive forces are also reported in Table 1. The crane method shows the lowest compressive force (5312N) and the highest shear force at 520.49N. The bent knee method (at both angles of L4/L5) shows higher compressive and lower shear forces. When the spine was bent at a 35 º angle a compressive force of 5821.48N is seen and a shear force of 351.35N; when bent at a 15 º angle the compressive force was 6061.8N and the shear force was 158.32N. Overall this demonstrates clearly that as the angle of the spine at L4/L5 increases as the compressive force decreases. The opposite is true for the shear force on L4/L5; as the angle increases the shear force also increases. Table 2. shows the moment of force for each body segment which was then used to calculate the moment of force of the erector spinae seen in Table 1. The calculations for the data found in these tables are presented in Appendix E. Table 1. A comparison of the moment and muscle forces of the erector spinae muscle and the compressive and shear joint reaction forces on that muscle during two different lifting techniques – crane and bent knee. Method of Lifting Moment Force of Erector Spinae (Nm) Muscle Force of Erector Spinae (N) JRF Compressive on L4/L5 (N) JRF Shear on L4/L5 (N) JRF Resultant (N) Crane 250.3 5006 5312.3 530.49 5338.72 Bent Knee 15 273.5 5470.16 6061.8 158.32 6063.87 Bent Knee 35 273.5 5470.16 5821.48 351.35 5832.1 Table 2. Moment of force for each body segment, calculations in Appendix E Segment Moment of Force (Nm) Head Neck 42.95 Thorax Abdomen 47.13 Upper Arms 24.2 Lower Arms 12.62 Box 123.4 Discussion: The purpose of this study was to determine and compare the moment of force of the erector spinae muscle group, as well as forces acting on the lumbar spine, between the crane method of lifting and the bent knee method of lifting. In this study, the moment of force of the erector spinae muscle group was determined to be 23.2Nm greater during the bent knee method of lifting compared to the crane method of lifting (Table. 1). The bent knee method has a greater moment of force because all the segment moment arm lengths (MAL) are larger than they are for the crane method (Table 2 Table 4). The definition of moment of force is the MAL of the segment(s) multiplied by the force acting on the segment(s) (Neumann, 2002). In addition, because the MAL for the erector spinae muscle group was 0.05m for both the crane and bent knee method, the MALs of the body segments plus the 20kg box were the only changing factors. Therefore, the extra moment of force of the erector spinae in the bent knee method is due solely to the increased distance to the center of mass of the box and body segments from the L4/L5 vertebrae. The force of the erector spinae muscle group was also larger during the bent knee method compared to the crane method (Table. 1). The magnitude of the force generated by the erector spinae muscle group is directly proportional to the erector spinae’s moment of force. Therefore, because both the force and the moment of force of the erector spinae muscle group are directly proportional, the MALs are the only changing factors. Potvin et al.’s study (1991) obtained similar results concerning the moment of force of the erector spinae muscle group. They implemented five trials of crane and bent knee lifts that involved increasing weights for each trial. In their trial with a 22kg weight the moment of force of the erector spinae muscles were 269.5Nm for the crane method and 275.6Nm for the bent knee method. Frankel and Nordin (1989) however, obtained data contrary to this study. Their results showed that the crane method had a larger moment of force of the erector spinae group than the bent knee method. Fortunately these contradictions can be explained by comparing MALs in both studies. Frankel and Nordin (1989) point out that the moment of force of the erector spinae muscles can be significantly increased during the bent knee method if the object’s distance from the body is increased. In their study, the moment of force of the erector spinae muscles increases from 151Nm when the object is close, to 212.5Nm when the object is farther away. Thus, the fact that the MAL in this study is longer in the bent knee method than the crane method suggests that the object in this study was farther away than in Frankel and Nordin’s study. It is of note that there are a number of factors that contribute to spinal load during lifting and carrying. These factors are important for the physiotherapist and are as follows: 1) The objects position relative to the spine’s center of motion, 2) the spine’s degree of flexion and or rotation and 3) the size, shape, weight and density of the object (Frankel and Nordin, 1989). The anatomical structure of the spine allows for the vertebrae to withstand a significantly larger compressive joint reaction force (JRF) compared to a shear JRF (McGill, 2002). More specifically, McGill (2002) states that the tissue tolerance in vitro for compressive forces is 10,000N while it is only 2800N for shear forces. In addition, according to NIOSH the maximum permissible limit (MPL) for lifting is a compressive force of 6400N and a shear force of 1000N. The significant difference between the MPL of compressive force compared to shear force on the lumbar vertebrae can be explained by the anatomy of the spine. The spinal cord is positioned in the body predominantly on a vertical axis. Furthermore, throughout the vertebral column each vertebra is separated by a vertebral disc containing vertebral fluid designed to cushion forces on the spinal cord. Therefore, because the definition of a compressive force is to push two ends of an object together the vertebrae are better able to withstand compressive forces than they are shear forces which act to slide ends apart. The compressive JRF in this study was greater for the bent knee method compared to the crane method (Table. 1). The bent knee method had a compressive force of 5821.5N when the L4/L5 vertebrae had an angle of 35 degrees and 6061.8N when the angle was 15 degrees. The crane method had a compressive force of 5006N at an angle of 60 degrees (Table. 1). A higher compressive force for the bent knee method is expected due to the angle on the L4/L5 vertebrae being smaller than the crane method angle. The compressive JRF occurring at the L4/L5 vertebrae is measured by taking the Sine of the angle to which the segment weights are acting (Table. 3). In addition to the Sine component of all the segment weights the muscle force of the erector spinae muscles is added because we are assuming that the orientation of the erector spinae muscles allows for compressive JRF only. The erector spinae muscles are positioned practically perpendicular to the inferior and superior surfaces of the vertebr al discs and parallel to the line of the vertebral bodies (McGill Norman, 1987). Therefore, the greater the spinal angle, the larger the Sine component determining the compressive JRF will be. In other words, the more erect your posture during lifting, the greater the compressive force acting upon your vertebrae. Potvin et al’s study (1991) has similar findings on the compressive JRF during the two methods of lifting. In support of this study their findings were that the bent knee method creates greater compressive forces on the L4/L5 vertebrae than does the crane method. The shear JRF in this study was greater for the crane method than the bent knee method (Table 1). Particularly, the shear JRF for the crane method, which has a spinal angle of 60 degrees, was 530.5N, while it was 158.3N for the bent knee method at 15 degrees and 351.35N for the bent knee method at 35 degrees (Table 1). Shear JRF is determined by the Cosine of the spinal angle multiplied by the sum of the external weights. This explains the shear JRF being greater for the crane method than the bent knee method. In other words the more you bend over when lifting the greater the shear forces on your L4/L5 vertebrae. Shear JRF is considered to be more damaging than compressive JRF during lifting, in relation to low back pain (Potvin et al., 1991). The crane method of lifting has the greater shear force and, according to Potvin et al., is the more dangerous lifting method. However, it should be noted that the shear JRF during the crane lift was only 53% of the MPL, while the compressive force during the bent knee lift, at a spinal angle of 15 degrees, was 95% of the MPL. Therefore, even though shear forces are considered to be more dangerous in terms of lumbar vertebrae, the crane method only exerted a shear JRF that was half of the MPL. Thus, upon lifting a 20kg weight the shear JRFs are of no great concern. It should be noted that although the crane method is only producing a shear JRF that is half of the MPL, cumulative shear over a given period of time has been shown to be very important as a metric risk to injury (Norman et al., 1998). A number of assumptions have been made during this study that could have affected the results. Two of the assumptions made for this study can be looked at together. 1) The erector spinae muscle group is studied as a single muscle equivalent, and 2) the MAL for the erector spinae is 0.05m. McGill and Norman’s study (1987) examined the erector spinae muscle group using the individual muscles and found that the MAL for the erector spinae should be 0.075m rather than the previous accepted 0.05m. This 50% increase of the MAL is determined by reassessing all the active extensor tissues that act under an equivalent MAL. In another study, the MAL of the erector spinae muscle group was 0.06m (Dennis and Barrett, 2002). Therefore, the implications to this study is that there is an under estimate of the erector spinae muscle group force. Increasing the MAL used would significantly lower the compressive JRFs of the crane and bent knee methods away from the MPL. No antagonistic activity is another assumption made in this study. There has been some debate on the role of abdominal muscle activity during lifting. Zetterberg et al. (1987) found that there was above minimal antagonistic activity of the abdominals during lifting. It has been hypothesized that intra-abdominal pressure creates a tensile force as well as an extensor moment on the lumbar spine (Bartelink, 1957 and Morris et al., 1961). If this hypothesis is true it still doesn’t specify the force and extensor moment the abdominals produce at different positions of the spine. Therefore, in this study the antagonistic force of the abdominals would not be differentiated between the bent knee and crane method of lifting. As a result, if there was discrepancy because of antagonistic abdominal force it would not alter the results of the forces obtained on the lower back. The last assumption that will be looked at is that the study was performed under static equilibrium. Static equilibrium has been used numerous times in the literature (Dennis Barrett, 2002; Granata Wilson, 2001; Kozey et al., 1990; McGill Norman, 1985). Static equilibrium is used frequently when interpreting the forces acting on lumbar vertebrae during lifting. However, according to McGill and Norman et al.’s study (1985), using a static model gave lower lumbar moments of force as well as lower compressive JRFs compared to a dynamic model. The implications of the static model having values less than the dynamic model is that the actual stress the lower back is subjected to during lifting may be greater than the static model predicts. Therefore, lifting tasks that are under the MPL may actually be above the MPL, putting the subject in danger of lower back injuries. The objective of the study is to determine the forces acting on the lower back during lifting. The crane method compared to the bent knee method is analogous to a flexed spine compared to a neutral spine. In accordance with our study, McGill (2002) states that the flexed spine creates a greater shear JRF than does the neutral spine. More specifically, McGill (2002) states that maintaining a more neutral lordotic posture, while lifting, will reduce the shear JRFs to about 200N from 1000N. The reduction in the shear force is due to the extensor moment created by the extensor musculature. The extensor moment creates a posterior shear force that supports the anterior shear forces produced by the upper body (McGill, 2002). Additionally, the lumborum fibers help protect against anterior shear and the interspinous ligament helps resist posterior shear of the superior vertebrae, while maintaining a neutral spine. However, during lumbar flexion, the lumborum fibers cause a loss of the fiber’s oblique angle, causing loss of protection again anterior shear, while the interspinous ligament contributes to anterior shear on the anterior vertebrae (McGill, 2002). Furthermore, the risk of a shear injury during lumbar flexion is 10% versus a compressive injury being only 3% (McGill, 2002). Thus, it is plausible to deduce that a method of lifting that increases the shear JRF has a higher risk of injury than a method that has a lower shear JRF. In relation to this study, the crane method increases the shear JRF and therefore has a greater risk of inducing injury than the bent knee method. Conclusion: The purpose of this experiment is to determine which lifting technique (crane or bent knee) is the most effective in limiting the stress on the L4/L5 region of the spine. The results indicate that the bent knee method induces a lower shear force on this region of the spine and therefore is a better and safer lifting technique. Although the bent knee causes greater compressive forces than the crane method it is still safer because shear forces are what tend to cause injury and pain. The results indicate that the moment arm length is naturally shorter when an object is lifted using the bent knee method because of the natural position of the body. The shorter moment arm length leads to lower forces on the erector spinae. Also demonstrated is that a smaller angle of the vertebrae leads to lower shear forces. These results demonstrate clearly that a smaller vertebral angle and a smaller moment arm length will lead to lower forces on the erector spinae. 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The activity of individual trunk muscles during heavy physical loading. Spine, 12 (10), 1035-1040. Appendix D Table 3. Presentation of mass, weight, length, moment arm length and calculation of moment for the crane lift. Segment Mass (Kg) Weight (N) Length Measured (m) Actual Length (m) MAL Actual (m) Moment (Nm) Head Neck 6.57 64.386 0.024 0.178 0.667 42.95 Thorax Abdomen 28.8 282.24 0.075 0.556 0.167 47.13 Upper Arms 4.54 44.492 0.0525 0.389 0.544 24.2 Lower Arms 2.6 25.44 0.046 0.341 0.496 12.62 Box 20 196 0.6296 123.4 Table 4. Presentation of data calculated in Appendix E showing the shear and compressive forces of the crane method with a spinal angle of 60 º. Segment Weight (N) Weight*Sin30 (Compressive N) Weight*Cos30 (Shear N) Head Neck 64.386 32.193 55.76 Thorax Abdomen 282.24 141.12 244.43 Upper Arms 44.492 22.246 38.53 Lower Arms 25.44 12.72 22.03 Box 196 98 169.74 Table 5. Calculations of mass, weight, length, moment arm length and calculation of moment for the bent knee lift lift. Segment Mass (Kg) Weight (N) Length Measured (m) Length Actual (m) MAL (m) Moment (Nm) Head Neck 6.57 64.386 0.023 0.177 0.654 42.108 Thorax Abdomen 28.8 282.24 0.072 0.554 0.208 58.7 Upper Arms 4.54 44.492 0.052 0.4 0.546 24.29 Lower Arms 2.596 25.44 0.045 0.346 0.561 14.27 Box 20 196 0.715 140.14 Table 6. Presentation of data calculated in Appendix E showing the shear and compressive forces of the bent knee lifting method with a spinal angle of 35 º. Segment Weight (N) Weight*Sin55 (Compressive N) Weight*Cos55 (Shear N) Head Neck 64.386 52.74 36.93 Thorax Abdomen 282.24 231.2 161.89 Upper Arms 44.492 36.45 25.52 Lower Arms 25.44 20.84 14.59 Box 196 160.55 112.42 Table 7. Presentation of data calculated in Appendix E showing the shear and compressive forces of the bent knee lifting method with a spinal angle of 15 º. Segment Weight (N) Weight*Sin75 (Compressive N) Weight*Cos75 (Shear N) Head Neck 64.386 62.192 16.66 Thorax Abdomen 282.24 272.6 73.05 Upper Arms 444.492 42.98 11.52 Lower Arms 25.44 24.573 6.36 Box 196 189.3 50.73 Appendix E Calculations: Conversion factor Appendix A = 7.41 Conversion factor for Appendix B = 7.69 Sample calculation for conversion of measured length to actual length: Crane method 1m = .135m 1/.135 = 7.41 = conversion factor 0.024m (measured length of head and neck) * 7.41 = 0.178m (actual length) Sample calculation for Moment of Force MAL * Weight of Segment = Moment of Force 0.667m * 64.386 = 42.95Nm Sample Calculation for Moment of the Erector Spinae: Crane method 0 = ?M 0 = -MES + MH + MT + MUP + MLA + MB MES = 42.95 + 47.13 + 24.20 + 12.62 + 123.4 MES = 250.3 Nm 250.3Nm/0.05m = 5006N Bent Knee method 0 = ?MES 0 = -MES + MH + MT + MA + MB MES = 42.108 + 58.7 + 24.29 + 14.27 + 140.14 MES = 273.51Nm 273.51Nm/0.05m = 5470.16N Sample Calculation for compressive component of individual body segments: Crane method Weight*Sin30 64.386*Sin30 = 32.193N Sample Calculation for Compressive component of Joint Reaction Force (JRFC) 0 = JRFC – FH – FT – FA – FB FES(c) JRFC = 32.193 + 141.12 + 22.246 + 12.72 + 98 + 5006 JRFC = 5312.3N Sample Calculation for shear component of individual body segments: Crane method Weight*Cos60 64.386*Cos30 = 55.76N Sample Calculation for shear component of Joint Reaction Force (JRFS) Crane method 0 = -JRFS + FH + FT + FA + FB JRFS = 55.76 + 244.43 + 38.53 + 22.03 + 169.74 JRFS = 530.49N Research Papers on Ergonomics Lifting Lab - Anatomy EssayDefinition of Export QuotasTrailblazing by Eric AndersonThe Hockey GamePersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalCapital PunishmentAnalysis Of A Cosmetics Advertisement